Chapter Fourteen: Minimally Invasive Surgery
Surgery as a part of hospital revenue and costs
https://www.healthleadersmedia.com/clinical-care/ahrq-surgical-admissions-bring-48-hospital-revenue
Eddie Joe Reddick
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1553350608325119
https://www.generalsurgerynews.com/Article/PrintArticle?articleID=24018
Complicated surgery through tiny incisions
operating room fees Akron general hospital
Military Care for the Wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan—Gawande
List of procedures performed in outpatient facilities
https://blog.definitivehc.com/top-10-outpatient-procedures-at-ascs-and-hospitals
Milestones Pioneered by Interventional Radiologists
1964 Angioplasty
1966 Embolization therapy to treat tumors and spinal cord vascular malformations by blocking the blood flow
1967 The Judkins technique of coronary angiography, the technique still most widely used around the world today
1967 Closure of the patent ductus arteriosis, a heart defect in newborns of a vascular opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
1967 Selective vasoconstriction infusions for hemorrhage, now commonly used for bleeding ulcers, GI bleeding and arterial bleeding
1969 The catheter-delivered stenting technique and prototype stent
1960-74 Tools for interventions such as heparinized guidewires, contrast injector, disposable catheter needles and see-through film changer
1970’s Percutaneous removal of common bile duct stones
1970’s Occlusive coils
1972 Selective arterial embolization for GI bleeding, which was adapted to treat massive bleeding in other arteries in the body and to block blood supply to tumors
1973 Embolization for pelvic trauma
1974 Selective arterial thrombolysis for arterial occlusions, now used to treat blood clots, stroke, DVT, etc.
1974 Transhepatic embolization for variceal bleeding
1977-78 Embolization technique for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations and varicoceles
1977-83 Bland- and chemo-embolization for treatment of hepatocellular cancer and disseminated liver metastases
1980 Cryoablation to freeze liver tumors
1980 Development of special tools and devices for biliary manipulation
1980’s Biliary stents to allow bile to flow from the liver saving patients from biliary bypass surgery
1981 Embolization technique for spleen trauma
1982 TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) to improve blood flow in damaged livers from conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatitis C
1982 Dilators for interventional urology, percutaneous removal of kidney stones
1983 The balloon-expandable stent (peripheral) used today
1985 Self-expandable stents
1990 Percutaneous extraction of gallbladder stones
1990 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) technique for liver tumors
1990’s Treatment of bone and kidney tumors by embolization
1990’s RFA for soft tissue tumors, i.e., bone, breast, kidney, lung and liver cancer
1991 Abdominal aortic stent grafts
1994 The balloon-expandable coronary stent used today
1997 Intra-arterial delivery of tumor-killing viruses and gene therapy vectors to the liver
1999 Percutaneous delivery of pancreatic islet cells to the liver for transplantation to treat diabetes
1999 Developed the endovenous laser ablation procedure to treat varicose veins and venous disease
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/interventional-radiology/mMilestones.html
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp048317
Chapter Fifteen: Transplantation
Puzzle People by Thomas Starzl
Cyclosporine history–Borel
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-9846-6_2
Christiaan Barnard the surgeon who dared
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062759/
Norman Shumway heart transplant
Competition for organs for transplant https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4644566/
Chinese organ transplant
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-30324440
Chapter Sixteen: Taxpayer-Funded Research Is Privatized—Bayh-Dole
bayh dole https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063341/
Bayh Dole– DISCOVERIES MADE AT UNIVERSITIES AND THE NIH CAN BE SOLD TO DRUG COMPANIES
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063341/
https://cen.acs.org/articles/83/i39/Celebrating-Bayh-Dole-Act.html
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/149256924.pdf
https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2010/11/28/the-enactment-of-bayh-dole-an-inside-perspective/id=13442/
Charles Huggins and hormonal control of prostate cancer
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1966/huggins/facts/
enzalutamide
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551941/
Pfizer buys medivation for $14 billion and acquires enzalutamide
Abiraterone: a story of scientific innovation and commercial partnership
hormonal effect on Prostate cancer Larry Altman interview NY Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/15/us/c-b-huggins-dies-at-95-won-nobel-for-cancer-work.html
Chapter Seventeen: Medical Devices
Einthoven EKG
https://web.archive.org/web/20100707232722/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Willem_Einthoven
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1924/einthoven/biographical/
Crooks tube
https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-S0016003225911957/first-page-pdf
MRI cost
https://info.blockimaging.com/bid/92623/mri-machine-cost-and-price-guide
Cerebral aneurysm wire
Cost of aneurysm wire https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/128/6/article-p1792.xml
https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/128/6/article-p1792.xml
Heart valves
Trans catheter aortic valve replacement
John Charnley prosthetic hip
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888784/
John Insall and knee prostheses
https://www.hss.edu/conditions_knee-surgery-research-chair-john-n-insall-md.asp
https://www.beckersspine.com/sports-medicine/item/21903-10-knee-surgeries-that-impact-history
John Holter brain shunt
https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2582.htm https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/02/09/small-wonder/
Pill capsule evaluation of small intestine
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295178/
MRI cost
https://info.blockimaging.com/bid/92623/mri-machine-cost-and-price-guide
Proton beam
COST OFF PROTON BEAM THERAPY https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6351082/
https://www.astro.org/About-ASTRO/History/John-Archambeau
https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0316/062_150mil_zapper.html#734ef3092068
surgical mesh
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/16298-surgical-mesh-use-and-complications-in-women
Metal on metal hip prosthesis
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1206794
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp1211581
Price of devices
https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/pdf/10.1377/hlthaff.27.6.1544
Medical device spending
https://www.proclinical.com/blogs/2020-9/who-are-the-top-10-medical-device-companies-in-the-world
Medtronic to buy Covidien for $42.9 billion, rebase in Ireland
In 2015 Medtronic bought a Tyco spinoff (Covidien) that was headquartered in Dublin for 42.9 billion and moved their home base to Ireland. They made most of their money in the U.S. and avoided paying tax on $14 billion. They called the maneuver a “tax inversion” and it was legal. Between 1982 and the present 82 companies have shifted their headquarters to a foreign destination, usually Ireland or Bermuda “without changing the majority ownership”